Role of metals in carcinogenesis. Experimental studies in whole animal bioassay.

Animal models have been used for a number of purposes in metal carcinogenesis studies: (a) to detect carcinogenic activity; (b) to estimate carcinogenic risk; and (c) to investigate mechanisms of metal carcinogenesis. The design of animal tests will be determined by the purpose of the study. In this section we shall distinguish between tests in animals designed to identify carcinogenic activity versus tests intended to have special relevance to the evaluation of effects in man.